For most of history, cities have
been unsanitary human death traps, unable to provide the two to three quarts of
wholesome freshwater each of us must drink daily to stay alive or the minimum four
to five gallons -- roughly the equivalent of three to four modern toilet flushes -- needed for
the most elemental cooking, washing, and hygiene. Urban populations normally
restocked only by net influx from impoverished countrysides. Water-borne
diseases like dysentery, diarrhea, cholera, typhoid, malaria, and yellow fever
have been, far and away, mankind's deadliest killers.
Cheap, abundant freshwater and good sanitation
was one of the key, often forgotten enablers of the demographic transformation
that so dramatically increased human population size, longevity, and urban
concentration. In 1800, only 2.5 percent of the world's people lived in cities. Today
it's 50 percent. Projections are that 70 percent of us will do so in the future, even as
world population itself surges from today's 6.7 billion to over 9 billion by
2050.